what is immunity?

 what is immunity?

Immunity is a complex biological system that can recognize and tolerate whatever belongs to the self, and to recognize and reject what is foreign 

In biology, immunity is the capability of multicellular organisms to resist harmful microorganisms. Immunity involves both specific and nonspecific components. The nonspecific components act as barriers or eliminators of a wide range of pathogens irrespective of their antigenic make-up.

The immune system protects us from invading pathogenic microorganisms .

Some of the lifestyle factors that can lead to a strong immune system include:

• Eating a diet high in fruits and vegetables.
  • Deficiencies of micro-nutrients such as zinc, selenium, iron, copper, folic acid, and vitamins A, B6, C, and E may alter immune function.
• If you drink alcohol, drink in moderation.
• Getting adequate sleep (7-9 hours a night).
• Taking steps to avoid infection.
  • Washing your hands frequently.
• Trying to minimize stress.
  • Meditating
  • Self-care routines
  • Mindfulness journaling
• Exercising regularly
• Maintaining a healthy bodyweight

For our purposes, our focus will be on how exercise and maintaining a healthy bodyweight affect the immune system.

Benefits of Exercise:

• Improving cardiovascular health
• Reducing blood pressure
• Helping control bodyweight
• Protecting against a variety of diseases

Physical activity may help flush bacteria out of the lungs and airways.This may reduce your chance of getting a cold, flu, or other illness. In general, exercising at a moderate to vigorous intensity for 60 minutes or less is optimal for the immune-boosting benefits of exercise. If you do this daily or almost daily, your immune and metabolic systems continue to strengthen, building on previous gains .

General Knowledge Questions and Answers

General Knowledge Questions and Answers

1. Who wrote Romeo and Juliet?

Answer: William Shakespeare wrote Romeo and Juliet.

2. Cry of lion is called?
Answer: Roar

3. Name any reptile?
Answer: A lizard is a reptile.

4. Cataract is the disease of?

Answer: A lizard is a reptile.

. 5.Cataract is the disease of?

Answer: Eyes

6. Which organ purify our blood?
Answer: Kidney

7. Who wrote the National Anthem – Jana Gana Mana?
Answer: Rabindra Nath Tagore

8. How many colours are there in India’s National Flag?
Answer: Three

9. Gateway of India is located at?
Answer: Mumbai

10. Who was Albert Einstein?
Answer: Albert Einstein was a famous scientist.

11. What crop is famously grown in the region of Darjeeling?
Answer: The region of Darjeeling is known to grow Tea leaves.

12. Capital of Uttarakhand is?
Answer: Dehradun

13. When do we celebrate our Independence Day?
Answer: 15th August

14. Sun is a?
Answer: Star

15. Which planet is nearest to Earth?
Answer: Venus

16. We get solar energy from?
Answer: Sun

17. What islands are a part of the country of India?
Answer: The Andaman and Nicobar Islands and Lakshadweep Islands belong to India.

18. Where does a dog live?
Answer: Kennel

19. Which animal is called the ship of the desert?
Answer: Camel

20. Goitre is caused due to the deficiency of?
Answer: Iodine

21. Largest island in the world is?
Answer: Green Land

22. Which president of the USA is responsible for the Emancipation Proclamation?
Answer: Abraham Lincoln is responsible for the Emancipation Proclamation.

23. LBW is related to which sports?
Answer: Cricket

24. Young one of a cat is called?
Answer: Kitten

25. Which African nation is famous for chocolate?
Answer: The nation of Ghana is world famous for chocolate.

26. Saina Nehwal is associated with which sports?
Answer: Badminton

27. How many days are there in a Leap year?
Answer: 366

28. Olylmpics games are held after every?
Answer: 4 years

29. How many sides are there in a pentagon?
Answer: 5

30. What is King Arthur’s sword called?
Answer: King Arthur’s sword was called Excalibur.

31. A place where bees are kept is called?
Answer: Aviary

32. Which is the biggest sea animal?
Answer: Dolphin

33. Who is the founder of Microsoft?
Answer: Bill Gates is the founder of Microsoft.

34. Who discovered Penicillin?
Answer: Alexander Flemming

35. Who was popularly known as Netaji?
Answer: Subhash Chandra Bose

36. Which country does the company Sony come from?
Answer: Sony comes from the nation of Japan.

37. Scientific study of birds is called?
Answer: Ornithology

38. Who is the author of the book – Broken Wing?

Answer: Sarojini Naidu

29. Largest desert in the world is?
Answer: Sahara desert

40. In which direction does the sun rise?
Answer: The sun rises from the east.

41. Kuchipudi is the dance form of which state?
Answer: Andhra Pradesh

42. Who was Margaret Thatcher?
Answer: Margaret Thatcher was a former Prime Minister of the United Kingdom

43. United Nation (UN) day is celebrated on?
Answer: 24th October

44. In which season we wear warm clothes?
Answer: Winter

45. Which bird can not fly?
Answer: Ostrich

46. We should cross the road when the traffic light is?
Answer: Green

47. Place where animals and birds are kept?
Answer: Zoo

48. In which festival we play with colours?
Answer: Holi

49. Which fruit gives us oil?
Answer: Coconut

50. Which jungle is the most dense in the world?
Answer: The Amazon is the densest jungle in the world.

51. The national song
Answer: Vande Mataram

52. The national bird is
Answer: Peacock

53. The national fruit is
Answer: Mango

54. National Education Day
Answer: 11 Nov.

55. Children’s Day
Answer: 14 Nov.

56. Teacher’s Day
Answer: 5 September

57. Which place is known as tea garden of India
Answer: Assam

58. Which is the smallest bird ?
Answer: Humming Bird

59. Which is the largest ocean in the world ?
Answer: Pacific Ocean

60. Which is India’s largest fresh water lake?
Answer: Wular Lake

61. Which is the tallest waterfall in the world ?
Answer: Angel Falls

62. What does UPS stand for?
Answer: Uninterrupted Power Supply

63. Name the four metropolitan cities of India
Answer: Mumbai, Chennai, Kolkata, Delhi

64. Name the birthplace of Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose
Answer: Cuttack in Odisha

65.  What is the boiling point of water?
Answer: 100 degree is the boiling point of water.

66. Narendra Modi was the Chief Minister of which states?
Answer: Gujarat

67. Which state has taken up Sanskrit as an official language?
Answer: Uttarakhand

68. Name the first female Indian Astronaut
Answer: Kalpana Chawla

69. Who was the first Indian to go to space?
Answer: Rakesh Sharma

70. Who was India’s longest serving Prime Minister?
Answer: Jawaharlal Nehru

71. Which is the smallest continent?
Answer: Australia

72. Who invented the telephone?
Answer: Alexander Graham Bell

73. Which acid is found in lemon?
Answer: Citric Acid

74. What is India’s form of Governance?
Answer: Democracy

75. How many states does India have?
Answer: 29

76. Who was the first Indian Woman to climb Mount Everest?
Answer: Bachendri Pal

77. ‘Madhubani’, a style of folk paintings, is popular in which of the following states in India?
Answer: Bihar

78. Australia lies between which two oceans?
Answer: The Indian Ocean and Pacific Ocean

79. Name the 14th President of India
Answer: Ram Nath Kovind

80. Which Indian woman was the first to win the Nobel Prize?
Answer: Mother Teresa

81.  Who was the inventor of the light bulb?
Answer: Thomas Edison

82. Who is the Finance Minister of India?
Answer: Arun Jaitley

83. What is the national game of USA?
Answer: Baseball

84. What is the full form of NEWS?
Answer: North East West South

85. What is the full form of AM and PM?
Answer: Ante Meridiem and After Midday

86. Who is the Vice President of India?
Answer: Venkaiah Naidu

87. Name the lightest gas
Answer: Hydrogen

88. Who wrote Panchatantra?
Answer: Vishnu Sharma

89. Who was the first Indian to have won the Nobel Prize?
Answer: Rabindranath Tagore

What is a Submarine ?How submarine works?And Use of Submarine

 What is a Submarine ?

• A submarine is a vessel, or ship, that can go underwater. Submarines are called subs for short.
•  Militaries and scientists use submarines to travel deep ... 

A submarine (or sub) is a watercraft capable of independent operation underwater. It differs from a submersible, which has more limited underwater ...

A submarine is a watercraft capable of independent operation underwater. It differs from a submersible, which has more limited underwater capability.

A warship with a streamlined hull designed to operate completely submerged in the sea for long periods, equipped with a periscope and typically armed with torpedoes or missiles.

How submarine works?

A submarine (or any boat) can float when the mass of water that it displaces (pushes out of the way) is equal to the mass of the boat. This displaced water causes an upward force called buoyancy. Buoyancy acts in the opposite direction to gravity, which would pull the ship down.

A submarine is different from other ships, though, because it can control its buoyancy. This means the submarine captain can decide when to sink down into the ocean or come back up to the surface.

History of Submarine

The first practical submarine was built in 1620 by Cornelis Drebbel under the employ of King James I. A leather-covered 12-oar rowboat, Drebbel’s submarine was reinforced with iron to withstand water pressure, and was functional, submerged to a depth of fifteen feet beneath the River Thames. No further models were commissioned for the navy.

U.S. Navy Acquired First Submarine April 11, 1900

Use of Submarine

Civilian uses include marine science, salvage, exploration, and facility inspection and maintenance. Submarines can also be modified for specialized functions such as search-and-rescue missions and undersea cable repair. They are also used in tourism and undersea archaeology.

 Submarines have played a major role in any country’s navy.

Submarines are most prominent in navies; however, they are also used in other venues. In recent decades, they have become much more commonly used as a research tool as well. They allow scientists to travel deep into the see and study deep water sea life. Not long ago, the depths of the oceans were a mystery, no one had been deep enough to see what really existed beneath the surface. With submarines, however, researchers are allowed a safe way to study the deep sea, with out having to die doing so.

Submarines have also become more popular in tourism. Mostly in warm climates, these vessels will take tourists close to the ocean floor, in a dry, safe medium.

WHAT IS HONEY

 WHAT IS HONEY

Honey is a sweet, viscous food substance made by honey bees and some other bees. Bees produce honey from the sugary secretions of plants (floral nectar) or from secretions of other insects (such as honeydew), by regurgitation, enzymatic activity, and water evaporation. Honey bees store honey in wax structures called honeycombs, whereas stingless bees store honey in pots made of wax and resin.

What is antioxidants, antioxidants and Free Radicals

 

What is antioxidants

Antioxidants are compounds that inhibit oxidation, a chemical reaction that can produce free radicals and chain reactions that may damage the cells of organisms. Antioxidants such as thiols or ascorbic acid may act to inhibit these reactions

In simple words antioxidants are molecules that fight free radicals in your body.

Free radicals are compounds that can cause harm if their levels become too high in your body. They’re linked to multiple illnesses, including diabetes, heart disease, and cancer.

Your body has its own antioxidant defenses to keep free radicals in check.

However, antioxidants are also found in food, especially in fruits, vegetables, and other plant-based, whole foods. Several vitamins, such as vitamins E and C, are effective antioxidants.

Antioxidant preservatives also play a crucial role in food production by increasing shelf life.

• What Are Free Radicals?
• 
  

Free radicals are highly reactive and unstable molecules that are produced in the body naturally as a byproduct of normal metabolism, or by exposure to toxins in the environment such as tobacco smoke and ultraviolet light. Free radicals have a lifespan of only a fraction of a second, but during that time can damage DNA, sometimes resulting in mutations that can lead to various diseases, including heart disease and cancer. Antioxidants in the foods we eat can neutralize the unstable molecules, reducing the risk of damage.

HOW FREE RADICALS ARE PRODUCED

Exposure to carcinogens in our environment can also produce free radicals.

• 1.Tobacco smoke
• 2.Ultraviolet radiation
• 3.Environmental and occupational substances and chemicals such as asbestos and vinyl chloride
• 4.Some viruses
• 5.Medical radiation
• 6.Air pollution
• 
  

How free radicals function

Free radicals are constantly being formed in your body.

Without antioxidants, free radicals would cause serious harm very quickly, eventually resulting in death.

However, free radicals also serve important functions that are essential for health 

For example, your immune cells use free radicals to fight infections Trusted Source.

As a result, your body needs to maintain a certain balance of free radicals and antioxidants.

When free radicals outnumber antioxidants, it can lead to a state called oxidative stress.

Prolonged oxidative stress can damage your DNA and other important molecules in your body. Sometimes it even leads to cell death.

Damage to your DNA increases your risk of cancer, and some scientists have theorized that it plays a pivotal role in the aging process Trusted Source.

Several lifestyle, stress, and environmental factors are known to promote excessive free radical formation and oxidative stress, including:

Antioxidants and Free Radicals

Many of the phytochemicals (plant chemicals) in the foods we eat function as antioxidants. These nutrients function by inhibiting the formation of free radicals and may reduce the damage they would cause in the body. This is thought to be at least part of the reason why a diet rich in vegetables and fruits has been linked with a lower risk of many diseases.

Examples of antioxidants include vitamin E, vitamin A, beta-carotene, anthocyanidins (in berries), epigallacatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) in green tea, and many more.

Antioxidants in foods

Antioxidants are essential for the survival of all living things.

Your body generates its own antioxidants, such as the cellular antioxidant glutathione.

Plants and animals, as well as all other forms of life, have their own defenses against free radicals and oxidative damage.

Therefore, antioxidants are found in all whole foods of plant and animal origin.

Adequate antioxidant intake is important. In fact, your life depends on the intake of certain antioxidants — namely, vitamins C and E.

However, many other non-essential antioxidants occur in food. While they’re unnecessary for your body, they play an important role in general health.

The health benefits associated with a diet rich in plants is at least partially due to the variety of antioxidants they provide .

Berries, green tea, coffee, and dark chocolate are renowned for being good sources of antioxidants .

According to some studies, coffee is the single biggest source of antioxidants in the Western diet, but this is partly because the average individual doesn’t eat that many antioxidant-rich foods .

Meat products and fish also contain antioxidants, but to a lesser extent than fruits and vegetables .

Antioxidants can increase the shelf life of both natural and processed foods. Therefore, they’re frequently used as food additives. For instance, vitamin C is often added to processed foods to act as a preservative .

Food sources of Antioxidants

The best sources of antioxidants are plant-based foods, especially fruits and vegetables.

Foods that are particularly high in antioxidants are often referred to as a “superfood” or “functional food.”

To obtain some specific antioxidants, try to include the following in your diet:

Vitamin A: Dairy produce, eggs, and liver

Vitamin C: Most fruits and vegetables, especially berries, oranges, and bell peppers

Vitamin E: Nuts and seeds, sunflower and other vegetable oils, and green, leafy vegetables

Beta-carotene: Brightly colored fruits and vegetables, such as carrots, peas, spinach, and mangoes

Lycopene: Pink and red fruits and vegetables, including tomatoes and watermelon

Lutein: Green, leafy vegetables, corn, papaya, and oranges

Selenium: Rice, corn, wheat, and other whole grains, as well as nuts, eggs, cheese, and legumes

Other foods that are believed to be good sources of antioxidants include:

• eggplants
• legumes such as black beans or kidney beans
• green and black teas
• red grapes
• dark chocolate
• pomegranates
• goji berries

Goji berries and many other food products that contain antioxidants are available to purchase online.

Foods with rich, vibrant colors often contain the most antioxidants.

The following foods are good sources of antioxidants. Click on each one to find out more about their health benefits and nutritional information:

• blueberries
• apples
• broccoli
• spinach
• lentils
• Pomegranates 

Effect of cooking

Cooking particular foods can either increase or decrease antioxidant levels.

Lycopene is the antioxidant that gives tomatoes their rich red color. When tomatoes are heat-treated, the lycopene becomes more bio-available (easier for our bodies to process and use).

However, studies have shown that cauliflower, peas, and zucchini lose much of their antioxidant activity in the cooking process. Keep in mind that the important thing is eating a variety of antioxidant-rich foods, cooked and raw.

Dietary tips

The following tips could help increase your antioxidant intake:

• Include a fruit or a vegetable every time you eat, meals and snacks included.
• Have a cup of green or matcha tea every day.
• Look at the colors on your plate. If your food is mostly brown or beige, the antioxidant levels are likely to be low. Add in foods with rich colors, such as kale, beets, and berries.
• Use turmeric, cumin, oregano, ginger, clove, and cinnamon to spice up the flavor and antioxidant content of your meals.
• Snack on nuts, seeds, especially Brazil nuts, sunflower seeds, and dried fruit, but choose those with no added sugar or salt.

Or, try these healthy and delicious recipes developed by registered dietitians:

• Cherry-almond smoothie
• Spicy cinnamon-ginger roasted carrots
• Roast beet and red quinoa salad with orange-beet balsamic vinaigrette
• Carrot cake power smoothie
• Chickpea, kale and cashew superfood soup
• Spicy Thai lettuce wraps
• Cure-all juice.

There is no set recommended daily allowance (RDA) for antioxidants, but a high intake of fresh plant-based produce is considered healthful.

T

 

What is a Herbarium?

Herbarium, collection of dried plant specimens mounted on sheets of paper. The plants are usually collected in situ (e.g., where they were growing in nature), identified by experts, pressed, and then carefully mounted to archival paper in such a way that all major morphological characteristics are visible (i.e., both sides of the leaves and the floral structures). The mounted plants are labeled with their proper scientific names, the name of the collector, and, usually, information about where they were collected and how they grew and general observations. The specimens are commonly filed in cases according to families and genera and are available for ready reference.

Herbaria consist of specimens that have been collected over broad geographic ranges and over many years. Multiple samples of individual species collected from different habitats are typically preserved so that variation among individuals can be documented, and related to ecological factors or evolutionary factors. Herbarium and museum collections comprise the basic materials for obtaining information about the world's biodiversity. Herbarium specimens also provide materials for research on variation at the DNA level, genome structure, and gene expression.

Some of the famous Botanical Garden name has been given below-

1.Maymyo: botanical gardens

Botanical gardens in Maymyo, Myanmar.

2.Wollongong Botanical Gardens, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia.

3.Rio de Janeiro Botanical Garden

4.Longwood Gardens, Kennett Square, Pa.

5.Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, London,

6.Copenhagen University Botanical Garden

The Palm House at the Copenhagen University Botanical Garden, Denmark.

7.Southeast Botanical Garden, Okinawa

8.Berlin-Dahlem Botanical Garden and Botanical Museum

9.The conservatory at the Botanical Garden, Uppsala, Sweden, designed by Louis-Jean Desprez.

See this video for a demonstration of the collection, pressing, and mounting of plant specimens. Take a tour through the largest North American herbarium in this video.