General Knowledge - water , solution

1.What is Reverse Osmosis or RO ?





Ans-

A process by which a solvent passes through a porous membrane in the direction opposite to that for natural osmosis when subjected to a hydro static pressure greater than the osmotic pressure.

Reverse Osmosis, a water treatment method traditionally known for removing salt from seawater, is also used to purify drinking water by forcing untreated water molecules through a semi-permeable membrane or filter. The membrane blocks contaminants and the impurities are subsequently expelled from the environment. The result is pure, clean drinking water.

Reverse Osmosis is a technology that is used to remove a large majority of contaminants from water by pushing the water under pressure through a semi-permeable membrane.

1.Water containing impurities enters the system
2.Impurities are stopped and rejected at the membrane surface
3.Water pressure forces water molecules through the membrane
4.The purified water is then sent directly to the faucet
5.Impurities are expelled from the system and sent to a drain underneath the sink area.


How it work?

The Reverse Osmosis membrane has a tight pore structure (less than 0.0001 micron or 500,000 times less than the diameter of a human hair) that effectively removes up to 99% of all contaminants and impurities such as total dissolved solids, chemicals, bacteria and viruses from drinking water. Anti-microbial filters used in Reverse Osmosis also help to remove unwanted odors, colors and tastes from water. Reverse Osmosis filtration technology is so effective that it is used by most leading water bottling plants.


What  is Hard and Soft water ?

Ans



Water that does not form an immediate lather with soap is called hard water. Hardness of water is due to the presence of soluble calcium, magnesium or iron compounds. The most common compounds are calcium bicarbonate Ca(HCO3)2, magnesium bicarbonate Mg(HCO3)2, calcium sulphate CaSO4 and magnesium sulphate MgSO4. The addition of soap forms an insoluble scum. The scum consists of insoluble salts of these metals. 

Removal of these salts from the solution makes the water soft. Water that forms an immediate lather with soap is called soft water. Such water does not have dissolved salts of calcium, magnesium and iron.

Types of Hardness:

Depending upon the behaviour of water towards soap, hardness is divided into two types.

1. Temporary hardness:

Hardness of water due to the presence of soluble bicarbonates of calcium and Magnesium is called temporary hardness. When water containing dissolved carbon dioxide passes over solid carbonates (chalk or limestone deposits etc.), these compounds get dissolved in water. Rainwater and distilled water are always soft because they do not have dissolved (soluble) salts.

Temporary hardness is removed in the following ways:
By boiling the water: On boiling, the soluble bicarbonate is decomposed into insoluble carbonate.
Chemical methods.

By adding slaked lime [Ca(OH)2] to hard water, insoluble carbonates are formed. The insoluble calcium carbonate is the ‘fur’ (or scale) formed in kettles, boilers, pipes, etc.
2. Permanent hardness:

This is due to the presence of chlorides and sulphates of calcium and magnesium. Such a hardness can be removed by the addition of washing soda. This removes both the temporary and the permanent hardness of water.